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Review by Mike G. Franklin Field is a historical gem.
It is the first stadium to have a scoreboard in the Nation, and also the first to have the two tiered structure seating… Rating: 5
Review by Ayana Y. Franklin Field is iconic; home of the Penn Relays Carnival for over 100 years. As a young Track & Field athlete my ultimate athletic goal was only to run at… Rating: 5
Review by Liza C. Yesterday they came on our block (900 block catharine) for their regular garbage pick up from ralphs and other restaurants/bars in the neighborhood, and the… Rating: 1
Review by Robert S. They service the 1300 block of Latimer which is contracted by the Historical Society of PA. They usually come at 5 a.m. even though it is unlawful to come… Rating: 1
The advances technologies such as ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM and SDH/SONET are being integrated for the data and voice traffic being transmitted over the internet. In olden days the telephone lines used carried voice traffic in the form of analog and were know as Plain Old Telephone System (POTS), but at present the telephones and the computers use digital technology for the voice and data traffic. Devices like modems are being used to convert analog into digital and vice versa. As more and more peoples are using internet the data and voice traffic is being transmitted over the same line. In my report I will focus on some of the modern technologies for voice and data traffic and the devices that are being used for the purpose in the Wide Area Network. At present the most emerging technology being used in the Wan is VOIP. It transmits voice over the internet using the packets. The users can transmit audio and video over a data network. The analog signal is converted into digital using the modem. The modem converts analog signals into small digital packets to be transmitted over the network. At the receiver end the data is demodulated and the file is converted into an AVG file. This procedure is being used in VOIP, Video conferencing and streaming of audio and video clips on the internet. With this the WAN technologies are emerging and many WAN devices are being used.
Several Local Area Network connected is know as Wide Area Network. This helps in transmitting data to longer distances using a single network. Better example for this would be different branches of a company around the world are interconnected using the Wide Area Network. The branches use LAN in the branch and WAN between different branches which helps the business to grow at a faster pace and with security.
The various WAN devices available in the market are being manufactured on the lines of reliability and security of the network. Some of them are
In the network a router helps to connect one or more than one computers. Normally for home users they are helpful in taking a single broadband connection and spreading
Figure: Router
it to other computers. Backbone of an internet is usually by industrial routers which are used in the telecom industry. Each router has a table configured to make connections which lead to a group of IP addresses. The routing table also have the rules to handle different types of traffic.
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A switch is every so often called a ‘intelligent hub’, and at the present that they are no longer considerably more costly than the hubs they have roughly replaced them completely. A switch works alike as a hub, with the aim of to connect devices to let them to work as a single segment. However, it does not repeatedly transmit traffic to each and every port. Whenever a frame of data enters into the switch, it save the physical address (MAC address) and the port it come from in its MAC address table. Then it checks the target MAC address in the table, and if it recognises it sends the frame to the suitable port. If the address is not the table, or address is a broadcast address (intended for every machine on the local network), then it do the equivalent as a hub and transmits the frame throughout every port apart from the originating port.
A hub is a tool for connecting various Ethernet devices (usually PCs) to outline a single segment – a part of a network that is unconnected from other parts of the network. It has several ports throughout which devices are joined, and while it receives data it send it out over through every port apart from the one it come in through. Initially Ethernet networks use coaxial cables. Each computer was fixed with a transceiver, which is connected straight into a long part of coaxial cable – a bus. This means that the traffic flowing on the network is visible to every one on the network.
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The short form for modulator and demodulator is Modem. It converts digital frequencies of the computer in to analog to make it transmit over the telephone or cable lines. At the receiver end the modem successfully demodulates the analog into digital and gives it to the computer to carry out appropriate functions.
Figure: Modem
The replacement for old age analog technology is the ISDN. It was implemented to create a more reliable and faster transport mechanism. It is cheaper than a leased line and it takes seconds to install it. The standard ISDN, Broadband ISDN is the version most people are aware of which is the ATM.
The end equipment protocol is defined by the ITU I and the switch/network protocol is defined by the ITU Q series.
Structure of ISDN
The protocol model for ISDN is represented in the following diagram:
Structure of ISDN
With the beginning of PCM tools in the 1960s, communications networks are steadily transformed to digital technology above the next few years (Werner, Fundamentals and SONET testing). To deal with the stipulate for ever high bit rates, a multiplex hierarchy called the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) evolve. The bit rates begin with the fundamental multiplex rate of 3 Mbit/s with additional stages of 8, 34 and 140 Mbit/s. The 1980s see a start in the growth of the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), with the purpose to eliminate the disadvantage inbuilt in PDH. SDH bring the subsequent advantages to network provider.
High transmission rates
Transmission rates of up and about 10 Gbit/s can be achieve in current SDH systems.
Simplified add and drop function
When compared to the old PDH system, it is a lot easier to take out and insert low-bit rate channels on or after or into the high-speed bit streams in SDH.
Reliability
Modern SDH networks consist of various repeated back-up and repair mechanism to deal with system faults.
Future platform for advanced services.
At present, SDH is the suitable platform for the advanced services ranging from ISDN, POTS through to data communications (LAN, WAN).
Interconnectivity
SDH makes it easy to install or set up new gateways in between various network providers and SONET systems.
Figure: SDH Layer Model
SDH is the synchronous digital hierarchy that is use every where apart from in the USA, Canada and Japan. SONET (Synchronous optical network) is the American counterpart of SDH. Designs of this transmission technology in America begin as far back as 1985. The SONET basic bit rate is 51.48 Mbit/s and is named STS-1 (synchronous transport signal). If the bit rate is transmit above an optical cable system, the signal is named as OC-1 (optical container)
SONET Signal
Bit Rates
SDH Signals
STS-1
51.84 Mbit/s
STM-0
STS-3
155.52 Mbit/s
STM-1
STS-12
622.08 Mbit/s
STM-4
STS-48
2488.32 Mbit/s
STM-16
STS-192
9953.28 Mbit/s
STM-64
Table: Levels in Hierarchy
The people around the world use public network to send and receive data which is also know as internet. If a user is making a call using the internet then its priority will be high because the user is using an expensive technology. If its security and reliability is ignored then more and more private networks will be formed by different companies which will lead to congestion of the network The common carrier subscriptions which own telecom services are known as public networks. It supports the transmission of voice traffic over the internet using the modems through the telephone sockets and gain automated access to users around the world. In this there is no wastage of bandwidth as the calls are being made over the internet and this will be a reliable and suitable for small companies
ATM is the short form for Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Circuit switching usually requires that packets are placed into position in recurring frames, i.e. synchronous, in time, in step according to use and/or network clocks. Asynchronous transmission allow cells to be placed anywhere in the data stream. ATM at present has speeds of 155Mbps (OC-3 ports), 622Mbps (OC-12 ports), 1.2 Gbps and 2.5 Gbps. Since the cells are rigid in length (53 octets, or bytes) quite than variable such as an Ethernet frame, they can be switch in hardware to a certain extent than software and these accounts for the high speeds that can be attain than Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI.
ATM is very lithe and allow the transmission of a variety of media type such as voice, video, data files etc. all demanding the network in changed ways, video, for example can be extremely subject to a sudden slowdown in network routine as altering speed video is very disturbing. ATM allows committed circuits with certain bandwidths and differing needs to be set up at the same time (http://www.rhyshaden.com/atm.htm). Quality of Service (QoS) can be locate up and is certain at connection stage by means of parameter such as delay, delay jitter and error rate base on the function and the position of the network at the moment of connection. Two priority for traffic are defined; High priority and Low priority. Low priority traffic force is leftover if around are switch congestion trouble. Particularly voice and video traffics include to be transferred by means of previous methods such as MPLS over ATM and IP over ATM, where QoS maintain advantages of the ATM are subjugated in exacting (Cemal Kocak, et.al, 2007). There is no joint media or conflict based protocols in ATM, each machine has 155Mbps all to itself. In ATM you be able to multiplex ‘cell streams’ so as to may be for totally different application, the structure works in ‘connection oriented’ form thereby guarantee cell sequencing for those cells in a exacting connection.
It is developed by the values or technology base on ISDN (Piliouras, 2005). The communication is among end users by following the interface of public network and private network (Taylor, 2000). It handles high traffic on internet at high speeds and on the whole handles data networking issue at high speed by functioning on following principles:
Solution for errors like congestion occurs, discarding frames and means to improve errors at end user method. It works on applications of data and is based on packet switching (Smith, 1996). The data is distributed into frames of variable length similar as in packet switching, which is sent to target through frame relay networks. The difference between frame relay and packet switching is that frame relay is second layer protocol of OSI where as packet switching is third layer protocol but frame relay is quite straightforward compared to packet switching linking locations all the way through access circuit to networks (Green, 2000). Carrier information rate (CIR) is the element which is used to charge and it guarantees the transporting the carrier through, Access Circuit cost is classify by LEC and port speed which is a manifold of 64 Kbps.
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The idea of information backdrop, issue concerning technology, in force scenarios and advance to protocols management for WAN technologies and a lot of unresolved promotion and technological questions concerning coexist of conventional communications of voice. The WAN technology should further develop earlier than the considerable possible acceptance and also customer service and billing methods. Additional determine execution of WAN and efficient structure of billing method for calls using VOIP system and also sophisticated procedures. Advancement or adoption of WAN technologies will in the end resolve services, price efficiency and Quality of Service. The trouble for session timeout, issue of reliability and solution of feeble slow link have to be resolve. The mixing of data protection system is necessary for errors correction and dependable to run the arbitrary data or voice traffic over the internet internet.
Cemal Kocak, et.al, MPLS over ATM and IP over ATM methods for multimedia applications, Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009), pp 153?160, 2007.
Dennis & Fitzgerald, 2005, “Business Data Communications Networking”, John Wiley & Sons.
Gupta C P, 2006, “Data Communications and Computer Networks”, India, Prentice Hall of India.
Huggins D, Ferguson B, 2002, “Designing a Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure”, Que Publishing.
http://www.rhyshaden.com/atm.htm, Accessed 5th May 2009.
Completed my Master’s in Telecommunication from University of Sunderland, UK. Having zeal to get in depth of the field and share my knowledge with my fellow beings.
Performance by The Who song Relay broadcast BBC Old Grey Whistle Test
CapLinked?the online platform that makes investing in private companies easy, secure, and social?announced the winners of its worldwide pitch competition today. Mobile office phone system OnRelay came away the winner, as declared by CapLinked?s panel of all-star judges.
CapLinked provides companies, investors, and advisors with tools to network, manage a capital raise or asset sale, and exchange updates. CapLinked held the pitch competition to highlight some of the innovative companies using its site. Users were invited to submit their business plans for review, and the entrants were evaluated on their plan?s originality, strategy, and market opportunity.
Each finalist then presented in a live online pitch-off to a heavy-hitting panel of judges that included Alex Maleki (Idealab?s New Venture Group), Jim Andelman (Rincon Venture Partners), Chris Yeh (Silicon Valley angel investor), and Steph Paternot (Slated). The winners were as follows:
1st Place: OnRelay (https://secure.caplinked.com/company/onrelay) — smartphone-based corporate phone system
2nd Place: Cadreas (https://secure.caplinked.com/company/cadreas-inc) — construction project management and collaboration software
Runner-Up: EnterpriseAdvance (https://secure.caplinked.com/company/enterpriseadvance-com) — multi application platform with multiple functionability for businesses
?As a serial entrepreneur and a veteran from PayPal, I know how important it is to have a strong network when you?re starting and raising funds for a business,? says CapLinked CEO Eric M. Jackson. ?Our goal in organizing this contest was to highlight new companies with innovative approaches to real-world program. We?re thrilled with the quality of the competitors. All of the finalists did an amazing job.?
?We were excited to be invited to present at the CapLinked pitch competition before such an esteemed panel of judges, and we are of course delighted to win,? said Ivar Plahte, CEO of OnRelay. ?Hats off to CapLinked for putting together such a smooth event and giving a young company like ours a chance to get valuable feedback and exposure.?
Since its public launch last year, CapLinked has skyrocketed to over 100,000 user accounts and $ 20 billion in private investment deals. The company was co-founded by Eric M. Jackson (PayPal’s first head of US marketing and author of the book ?The PayPal Wars?) and Christopher Grey (former managing director at a subsidiary of Emigrant Bank, the largest privately owned bank in the country). Investors in the company include members of the so-called ?PayPal Mafia.?
All of the finalists will be profiled on CapLinked?s blog and monthly newsletter. As the 1st place winner, OnRelay will also be interviewed by TechZulu and receive a free advise session from CapLinked?s founding team.
About CapLinked
CapLinked (https://secure.caplinked.com/) is a free online platform for private companies, investors, and their advisors to network, manage a capital raise or asset sale, and exchange updates. CapLinked makes private investment easy, secure, and social.
Contact Information:
For more information or to arrange an interview with CapLinked CEO Eric M. Jackson, contact Shannon Matthews at media(at)caplinked(dot)com or (310) 896-5045.
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If one is looking for a Port St Lucie chiropractor, the Florida Pain Network will be able to connect those individuals with the best Port St Lucie chiropractic clinics very soon. The Network announced today that it is now accepting chiropractor Port St Lucie listings to serve patients.
According to the Institute of Medicine recent report , one third of America is suffering from pain. The cost to the country is over $ 550 billion dollars annually according to the report, which is staggering.
?Florida has a lot of good people suffering from a bad problem ? pain. It may be back pain, neck pain, sciatica, failed surgery, spinal stenosis, or fibromyalgia, and all people suffering deserve treatment designed to avoid surgery and get these individuals back to living life to the fullest,? said Network CEO David Greene.
The Florida Pain Network connects those in pain with pain relievers – the best Port St Lucie FL chiropractic and pain management clinics. The connection allows those in pain to find the best physical therapy and pain management Port St Lucie clinics, and takes the hassle of researching them all individually. Top notch listings with specific information is provided right on Floridapainnetwork.com.
?These clinics dedicate their entire existence to nonoperative pain management with Port St Lucie chiropractic therapies that have been shown to work in multiple research studies. Studies show patient satisfaction with chiropractic treatment to be over 85%, and insurances now typically cover a lot of the treatment. At any one point in time over 10% of America is under the treatment of a chiropractor ? that just speaks to the incredible results. We also include acupuncture Port St Lucie too as it has been shown to help patients tremendously.?
The floridapainnetwork.com site makes it easy to find one of these great chiropractic practices. There is a geo-targeting feature that tells you the closest practice and relays detailed listings of the practice?s features, services, hours, and insurances accepted.
In addition, the website has a significant amount of education as well including specific sections on Chiropractic education, Tens Unit FAQ?s, Acupuncture, Physical Therapy, Massage, Spinal Decompression Therapy, Manipulation Under Anesthesia, Pain Management treatments, an active Blog, and more.
If Port St Lucie Chiropractors want to sign up with the Florida Pain Network, a limited amount of chiropractic clinics are being accepted. The Network provides connections to pain management doctors in Florida, chiropractic clinics, acupuncturists, and physical therapy clinics throughout the state of Florida. Interested clinics should email sales(at)floridapainnetwork(dot)com or register on the site under the ?Add Your Practice? tab.
Frame Relay is a very efficient packet-switching digital data transmission technique that is both quick and cheap. Data transmission occurs as a relay of frames between endpoints. This is the main reason why Frame Relay can send from one or many endpoints, to one or many endpoints, which is most definitely a big plus in Frame Relay?s favor.
Best-Effort Protocol
Frame Relay is a ?best-effort? protocol. Whenever the Frame Relay protocol detects an error, it simply drops the frame, end of story. For applications; such as streaming videoconferencing and Internet AVIs, a few frames being dropped every now and then doesn?t really matter all that much. However; there still remain many scenarios, applications and production environment situations where this is just unacceptable.
Virtual Circuits
The key to frame relay is that it uses Virtual Circuits (VC). This is something it has in common with Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). ATM is an OSI Reference Model, Data Link Layer (2) cell relay, circuit-switching protocol. Unlike ATM, which uses fixed-size packets, Frame Relay uses variable length packets, which are transported over a shared single point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link across a carrier internetwork using Virtual Circuits (VC). The older; now defunct, X.25 protocol was the packet-switching WAN connectivity protocol upon which Frame Relay was based/built.
Two Types of Frame Relays
From a functional production environment point of view, there are two types of Frame Relays that can be implemented:
Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC) ? It is in the formation of logical end-to-end links mapped over a physical network that PVCs are used. Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC) ? SVCs are much harder to implement and maintain. Not surprisingly, they are not very common.
Frame Relay Implementation Scenarios
Currently; there are a number of very similar Frame Relay implementations including Wide Area Network (WAN) and corporate WAN technologies. Each of these technologies/protocols has its pros and cons some of which I will discuss shortly.
Leased Line WAN Alternatives
WANs built using traditional leased lines tend to be very expensive. Circuit-switching and packet-switching technologies are far more efficient and economical which is where protocols like Frame Relay come in. Typically network protocols such as TCP/IP provide addressing and transport functions while ISPs use protocols such as Frame Relay and ATM to deliver the link.
Typical Frame Relay Deployment
The most common deployment scenario of Frame Relay consists of the end-user(s)/organization(s) leasing dedicated private lines. These lines ran from the customer?s premises to the Frame Relay node owned and operated by a major carrier. Here in Australia, this would include Telstra. The Telco?s Frame Relay network then handles the transmission over a frequently changing path that is all but transparent to all end-users.
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
When using frame relay as a Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol the most common scenario is to implement Frame Relay at the Data Link Layer (2) of the OSI Reference Model. For example, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) would commonly implement Frame Relay as an encapsulation technique for inter-LAN communications over a WAN. This includes both voice and data traffic alike.
Encapsulation
The importance of Frame Relay?s use of encapsulation cannot be underestimated as it is the mechanism that allows a Frame Relay WAN implementation to interconnect different LAN implementations in diverse geographical locations as well as the various different LAN segments that may exist at each geographical location. Each of these LANs may differ in architecture, hardware, logical aspects and/or the protocol implementations used.
So, by preserving the underlying individual LAN structures Frame Relay can leverage existing network infrastructures such as network hardware, security descriptors/policies and other logical aspects (addressing, permissions etc.) thereby greatly simplifying the administration of complex multi-LAN WANS.
Corporate WAN Technologies
Today; we find that many of the larger multi-branch companies have implemented corporate WAN technologies based around Frame Relay. The idea being to provide ?big picture? connectivity and security solutions for geographically dispersed rural branches and thereby incorporating them into their corporate WAN.
Rural Areas
In many rural areas that lack DSL and cable modem services the least expensive type of “always-on” connection remains the 128-kilobit Frame Relay line.
Extrapolating into the Future
As a direct result of the recent dramatic increase in the deployment of Ethernet over longer distances using fiber optic cable we are seeing a corresponding marked decrease in the cost of the large fiber-optic bundle cables that the large Telecommunications companies are currently deploying. Not only are they being used for the Internet backbone, these cables are also seeing deployment as regional and local ?trunk? lines in Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) as well as WAN links rolled-out by regional Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
It therefore comes as no great surprise to discover that Frame Relay is currently being replaced by even cheaper IP-based technologies in applications and production environment scenarios once the sole proviso of Frame Relay.
Conclusions
Today: the biggest factors influencing the ?useful? life expectancy of Frame Relay as a ?live? production environment protocol are the massive increases in data transmission speeds that we are currently seeing in native IP-based networking. Much of these performance gains are in fact directly attributable to the improvements in transmission technologies such as fiber-optic cable and high-speed Ethernet over copper wire over longer distances (MANs & WANs).
Consumer and small business Internet access technologies such as cable, ADSL, ADSL2+ and regional ISP implementations of Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) have jointly made significant forward progress in increasing the bandwidth capabilities that can be offered to consumers and business alike. As a result they are no longer just consumer-level technologies. Larger organizations now consider them to be viable alternatives particularly when economic factors are taken into consideration.
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